英语学习(持续增加)

小米

　在《前缀一加，词义转变》中提到同族词（见1月17日《中英合谈》）。所谓同族词（family words）便是由同个词根衍生出来的一群实词。例如：“art”（艺术）名词是“art”和“artist”，形容词是“artistic”，副词是“artistically”。虽然这四个字的语音、词形、词类和词义都不同，但都来自共同的词根。

　　同族词既然是由同一词根派生而成，它们之间便有“血脉”关系，而且在词义上，也常有相似之处。

　　学习英语词汇时，可以利用同族词这特色把每组词集中起来，用对比方式，辨别每个词的词义和不同用法，然后加以记忆和运用，假以时日，不难水到渠成，词汇丰富。

　　下面便是两组同族词的意思及其用法：

　　Ⅰauthorise（动词）授权、批准

　　authorisation（名词）授权、委任

　　authoritative（形容词）权威的、命令式的

　　authority（名词）权力、职权、权威

　　authorities（名词）当局

　　① Dr Li has authorised David to act for him in his absence.

　　② The Ministry for Finance authorised the payment of annual increments.

　　③ One needs special authorisation to enter such a building.

　　④ This news came from an authoritative source, so it must be reliable.

　　⑤ The Commander-in-chief spoke in an authoritative tone.

　　⑥ As a senior officer, Jason is entitled to have authority over the clerical staff.

　　⑦ Who gave you authority to implement the new salary scheme?

　　⑧ Dr Wong is an authority on language teaching.

　　⑨ The authorities concerned must see to it that the same thing will not recur.

　　Ⅱclear（形容词）清楚的、明白的、无嫌疑的、债务已清的；

　　（副词）远离的

　　（动词）清除、解除。

　　clearance（名词）清除、许可（证）

　　（修饰语）清货

　　clearing （名词）林中空旷的

　　clearly（副词）清楚地

　　① The speaker's voice is clear enough to be heard.

　　② Can you make your last point clearer?

　　③ The suspect was clear of suspicion.

　　④ The gambler hopes to be clear of debts soon.

　　⑤ Unauthorised persons are advised to keep clear of the premises.

　　⑥ The police have cleared the road of obstruction.

　　⑦ If there exists misunderstanding among friends, please clear it up.

　　⑧ Have you seen any slum clearance?

　　⑨ The plane must get clearance for take-off.

　　⑩ Before Christmas, shopping centres have the habit of holding annual clearance sales.

　　11. The picnickers pitched their camp in the clearing.

　　12. Speak clearly or the audience at the back may not be able to hear you.

小米

　　英语有个很有用的结构，就是：疑问词+不定式动词（question word + to-infinitive）。

　　疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how, why ”。此外，连接词“whether”也适用。

　　“疑问词+不定式动词”结构有何功用呢？其主要功用有下列五种：

　　⑴当主语，如：
　　● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.
　　● Where to live is a problem.
　　● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.

　　⑵当宾语，如：
　　● We must know what to say at a meeting.
　　● He could not tell whom to trust.
　　● Do you know how to play bridge?

　　⑶当补足语，如：
　　● The problem is where to find the financial aid.
　　● The question is who to elect.

　　⑷当名词同位语，如：
　　● Tom had no idea which book to read first.
　　● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?

　　⑸当宾语补足语，如：
　　● Jim is not sure whose to choose.
　　● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.

　　适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括：“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。

　　有点值得特别注意的是：当这结构当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，例如：
　　● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.
　　● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.

　　有些动词，如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如：
　　● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.
　　● Have you told him where to get the application form?

　　综上所述，可见“疑问词+不定式动词”结构是个形象清新，既容易用又不容易出错的特别结构，可以多多运用。

小米

　　在前三期（4月11日）里，谈到不可数名词是没有复数形式的，但是常常有人不小心，在某些不可数名词上加“-s”而犯错，其中“ experience, equipment, evidence, information”这几个的错误最多。

　　下面一家装修商广告中的“experiences”（经验）便是一例：

　　“……our many years of reputable experiences.”

　　须知，当“经验”解时，“experience”是不可数名词，不可以有“-s”：“……our many years of reputable experience（许多年声誉卓著的装修经验）”。当“各种各样不同经历”解时，“ experience”是可数名词，可以有复数“-s”的符号，如：

　　“Tom could not forget his thrilling experiences in his first trip to Guilin.”

　　学生作业中，类似的错误也不少，如：

　　① A lot of factors led to students' poor performances. （应为 performance）

　　② Only people of irreproachable characters can aspire to be good leaders.（应为 character）

　　③ More and more institutions resort to advanced equipments to assist in the education process.（应为 equipment）

　　④ Without such knowledges, one would not be able to understand what was seen or heard. （应为 knowledge）

　　⑤ There is still much room for further improvements.（应为 improvement）

　　上述这些不可数名词的错误，是不是很熟悉呢？

　　刚刚谈的错误是不可有“-s”而用“-s”。另一种错误是应该有 “-s”而不用“-s”。虽然后者不像前者这样麻烦，但是也不难看到。下面三个不同的广告中便出现了应该有“-s”但漏了“-s”的名词：

　　⑥“We are looking for suitable candidate to take up the following positions.”（应为 candidates）。

　　⑦“Dear customer: Have you been misled by too many brochure?”（应为 brochures）。

　　⑧“We specialise in rubber tile for factory, office, warehouse, etc.”（应为 rubber tiles, factories, offices, warehouses）

　　⑥-⑧里的错误显而易见，只要稍微小心，便不难发现而改正过来。但是，有关不可数名词加“-s”的错误，则较难躲闪，必须加倍警惕才好。其中一个防患办法是借重量词，反映不可数名词之“量” ，但不改变其形，即不要用“-s”，如：

　　⑨ There isn't much petroleum in the car.

　　⑩ John gave some evidence to indicate that the documents had been tampered with.

　　11. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

　　12. A lot of money has been donated to various charity organisations.

　　13. Some people today paid little attention to their extravagant acts.

小米

　在英语的合成词（compound words）中，合成动词（compound verbs）的数目较少，主要有下面三种类别：

　　㈠副词+动词，如 outdo, overcome, undermine, upset, cross-question, withhold, backbite 等。

　　㈡名词+动词，如 sunbathe, sidetrack, typewrite, house-hunt, browbeat, hoodwink, waylay 等。

　　㈢形容词+动词，如 whitewash, safeguard, shortlist, blackmail 等。

　　这三类合成动词中，以第一种最为丰富，特别是那些由“over, under, out”引导的，更显得多彩多姿。

　　由 over 引导的合成动词含有“太多、过多”的意思，如： overact, overburden, overcharge, overdo, overdress, overeat, overestimate, overpower, overpraise, overproduce, overprotect, overrule, oversleep, overspend, overstate, overstay, overwork 等。

　　由 under 引导的合成动词含 有“太少、不足”的意思，如： undercharge, underpay, underrate, understate, undervalue, underwork 等。

　　由 out 引导的合成动词则含有“超过、胜过”之意，如： outdo, outgrow, outlive, outnumber, outside, outrank, outshine, outstay, outstrip, outweigh, outwit 等。

　　现在举些句子示范：

　　① The food cost $3, but he was overcharged by 50 cents.
　　② Some romantic scenes in our TV shows were overdone.
　　③ Don't overstate your predicament or people will not believe you.
　　④ Some reporters understated the seriousness of the regional financial turmoil.
　　⑤ The staff of the company felt that their contribution had been undervalued.
　　⑥ Chinese swimmers outdid their opponents.
　　⑦ This type of computer has outlived its usefulness.
　　⑧ The advantages of the new salary scheme far outweigh its disadvantages.

　　最后，必须注意的是：不是凡是“over ”就是“过多、太多” ，凡是“under”就是“太少、不足”或凡是“out”就是“超过、胜过”。反之，有些合成动词根本和这几个副词的意思风马牛不相及。例如：

　　● overhear（无意中听到）
　　● overlook（俯视、疏忽、忽略）
　　● oversee（监督）
　　● overshadow（使……暗然失色）
　　● overthrow（推翻）
　　● overturn（使翻覆）
　　● undergo（经历、遭受）
　　● underline（在……划线、强调）
　　● undermine（破坏）
　　● underpin（加强、巩固）
　　● understand（理解）
　　● understudy（充当替手）
　　● undertake（担任、着手）
　　● outline（略述）
　　● outrage（虐待，侵害）
　　● outspread（伸展）

rainsnowly

very good

杜金

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