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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-18 20:18 | 只看该作者

【11】语态被动有方

 英语动词有主动语态(the active voice)和被动语态(the passive voice)两种形式。如果主语是谓语动词的主宰,这就是主动语态;如果宾语成为动作的执行者,这就是被动语态。

  在下列两个句子中,(a)是主动语态,(b)是被动语态。

  ① a. I have just bought a new book.
   b. A new book has just been bought by me.

  ② a. Tom will invite you to dinner.
   b. You will be invited to dinner by Tom.

  主动转被动语态的步骤

  从主动语态转换为被动语态时,必须按照下列步骤进行:

  ⒈把谓语动词后头的宾语移到句首当主语。如果没有宾语或者不是宾语的句子成分, 就没有新主语;这句话也就不能有被动语态了。

  ⒉如果有两个宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语),只要把其中一个变成主语即可, 其他一个保留在原位。

  ⒊用助动词“be + 过去分词”的动词形式,并和主语的人称、数目配合;动词时态也要和主动语态里的配合。

  ⒋如果主动语态中有语气动词(如:must, can, should)等,就以这个语气动词和“be + 过去分词”连用。

  ⒌把主动语态里的主语移到句末, 但要在它前面加上介词“by ”。通常,这个“by + 主语”的短语,都被省略了。

  ⒍如果谓语动词是片语动词(the phrasal verb)的话, 就要把片语动词当一个单位处理。例如:

  ③ a. We must do the work.
    b. The work must be done (by us)。

  ④ a. John gave Anne a pen.
    b. Anne was given a pen by John 或 A pen was given to Anne by John.

  ⑤ a. They have put off the meeting.

  b. They meeting has been put off.

  使用被动语态的情况

  一般上说,我们用主动语态的时候多,用被动语态的时候少。然而,如果我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,我们只有被动语态这条路可走:

  ⑥ A cat was knocked down.

  ⑦ Electricity is widely used in all cities.

  ⑧ The annual sports meet may be held in three months.

  此外,在下列情况下,也最好用被动语态:

  ⒈宾语比主语重要,必须突出,如:

  ⑨ A thief was arrested.

  ⑩ The waste paper has been burnt.

  如果把⑨和⑩改为主动语态,就平淡乏味了:

  △The police arrested a thief.

  △Someone has burnt the waste paper.

  ⒉不方便提到主语;在此情况下, 常用“it”来引导,如:

  11. It is said that the government will raise the income tax.

  ⒊有些动词多以被动语态出现,如:

  12. All are expected to come early.

  13. The report was based on the findings of a survey.

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-18 20:19 | 只看该作者

【12】通过联想学英语

 当我们在学习基本语法和句法的同时,也开始学词汇,终身不停。

  学词汇的方法很多,学习效果也不同;有些方法的效果比较好,有些则差些。

  有个特别值得推荐的方法是“联想”。例如从“party”这个字,可以联想到其他的字,如:meeting, assembly, seminar, negotiation 等。

  现在看看下列 8 组字,如何凑在一起:

  ⒈下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“伤害”或“破坏”:

  damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, mar

  ⒉下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“减少”:

  decrease, lessen, diminish, reduce, abate, dwindle

  ⒊下列 6 个名词的中心意思是“武装叛变”:

  rebellion, revolution, uprising, revolt, mutiny, insurrection

  ⒋下列 7 个名词都含有“边缘”之意:  edge, brink, brim, rim, verge, border, margin

  ⒌下列 7 个名词都含有“ 路”之意:  way, road , path , route, passage, street, aveune

  ⒍下列 7 个形容词都含有“著名”之意:   famous, renowned, celebrated, noted, distinguished, eminent, illustrious

  ⒎下列 7 个形容词都含有“快速”之意:

  fast, rapid, swift, quick, speedy, hasty, expeditious

  ⒏下列 9 个动词含“胜过”或“克服”之意:

  conquer, defeat, vanquish, overcome, beat, rout, surmount, subdue, overthrow

  上述 8 组字,每组都有个中心意思。在学习词汇时,若能将意思有关联的字词或习语摆在一起,通过联想来记忆,不但轻松而且还很有效。必须注意的是,虽然几个字有共同的意思,但是每个字在句子中的用法,难免会有些差别,不可不察。

  现在举个和“laugh”(笑)有关的动词,来说明这点。

  ① The President smiled(微笑) as he went past the crowd.

  ② His joke made us laugh(发笑).

  ③ The spectators jeered(嘲笑) when their team was defeated.

  ④ The audience roared with rage(暴笑如雷).

  ⑤ If you tease(揶揄) her again, she will get angry.

  ⑥ The pupils giggled(格格地笑) on seeing the teacher fall down.

  ⑦ The crowd booed(喝倒采) when the referee made a mistake.

  ⑧ The listeners hooted(轻蔑地叫喊) at the ignorant speaker.

  ⑨ Irene sat at a corner, chuckling(轻声暗笑) to herself.

  ⑩The naughty girl grinned(露齿而笑) in response to her mother's question.

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13#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-21 18:22 | 只看该作者

【13】各种各样的走路姿态

 英语单字的特色之一,就是同义词多,市场上也有些好的同义词书籍和字典,供学习者参考。

  下面要举出一些和“走”有关的动词,并造句说明各种各样走路姿态之间的不同之处。

  这些动词如下:

  stagger, plod, pace, loiter, stride,
  stray, strut, ramble, lurk, creep,
  stroll, stumble, trudge, scramble, lurch,
  limp, prowl, crawl, march, rush

  ① The drunkard staggered(蹒跚) from the coffee shop and clung to a lamp-post.

  ② The hitch-hikers reached the town after a long walk and plodded(重步行走) wearily to the hotel.

  ③ The man whose wife was expecting the first baby was pacing(踱步) nervously up and down the hospital corridor.

  ④ After class, the children did not go home direct but loitered(游荡) on the way.

  ⑤ The manager strode(大步走) into the office and asked who was late for work.

  ⑥ The puppy strayed(迷途) from its home and was completely lost.

  ⑦ The cock is strutting(昂头阔步) up and down the farmyard.

  ⑧ After dinner, I went rambling(漫步) in the park.

  ⑨ The thief has been lurking(潜行) in a corner for his unsuspecting victims.

  ⑩ Not wishing to be noticed, the boy crept(爬行) downstairs.

  11. At the weekend, Tom and his friends went strolling(闲逛) in the town.

  12. In her hurry, the maid stumbled(绊倒) and fell flat on the floor.

  13. The farmer trudged(艰难地走) home with his hoe.

  14. The mountaineers scrambled(攀爬) up the hill side.

  15. The car lurched(摇摆不定) forward across the grass.

  16. With one leg hurt, John limped(跛行) home.

  17. Beasts come out to prowl(四处觅食) after their prey at night.

  18. Before babies can walk, they crawl(爬行).

  19. The victorious army marched(迈进) into the conquered city.

  20. The pedestrians rushed(快步走) here and there in the rain.

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-21 18:23 | 只看该作者

【14】主动语态之形,被动语态之意

 在《语态:主动与被动的关系》一文里,提到有些动词有主动语态之形,但却有被动语态之意。

  这些动词包括及物的(transitive verbs)、不及物的( intransitive verbs)、动名词(gerunds)和不定式动词( infinitives)。这些动词很特别,但数目不多。例如:

  Ⅰ及物动词  ① That house is building (= being built).
  ② The trumpets are sounding ( = being sounded).
  ③ The film is showing now (= being shown now).
  ④ The guns are firing (= being fired).
  ⑤ The drums are beating ( = being beaten).

  Ⅱ不及物动词  ⑥ The middle house won't let.
  ⑦ Porcelain sinks clean easily.
  ⑧ Such potatoes peel well.
  ⑥-⑧中的“出租”、“清洗”和“削”都有“被”的意思。

  Ⅲ动名词  ⑨ Your office needs cleaning (= to be cleaned).
  ⑩ The computer wants servicing (= to be serviced).
  11. This watch requires winding up ( = to be wound up).
  12. That good point bears repeating (= to be repeated).

  Ⅳ不定式动词  13. This is an apartment to let.
  14. Give him a chair to sit down.
  15. There is nothing to do for the time being.
  16. You are to blame.

  13-16中的不定式动词都有被动之意,情况和⑥-⑧中的不及物动词类似,都是具有主动语态之形,含有被动语态之意。然而,这种用法虽很特殊,却不普遍。当这些动词回到本来的性质时,还是有被动语态的, 只是含义有些不同。例如17和18中的(a)和(b)的含义便有些不同:

  17.a) His books sell well.
   b) His books are sold well.

  18.a) Your shoes have worn well.
   b) Your shoes have been worn well.

  (a)的句子表示“书的销路好”和“鞋子耐穿”,都是因为主语有内在的优点。至于(b)的句子,它们只把事实反映出来,没有别的含义。

  最后,当感官动词当接系动词用时,它们也是有主动语态之形,被动语态之意:

  19.Honey tastes sweet.
  20.Glass feels smooth.
  21.Perfume smells good.
  22.The sky seems to appear dark.
  23.The weather has turned hot.

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15#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-21 18:23 | 只看该作者

【15】无须冠词的名词

一则征聘广告的结尾这样写:

  “Suitable candidates will be offered a very attractive terms which cannot be refused.”

  这句话的意思,一目了然,可惜其中有个不该有的语法错误;那就是“a very attractive terms”中的“terms”是个复数名词,不需要有冠词,和不定冠词“a”连用,更是不合语法规则。

  为了避免同样的错误出现,现在试把不需要冠词的场合列下,以作参考:

  ㈠复数名词,如:

  1. Doctors cure patients.

  2. Axes are tools for cutting wood.

  3. Those people are teachers, not students.

  ㈡物质名词,如:

  4. Gold is precious.

  5. Air is indispensable to animals.

  6. Electricity is a form of energy.

  ㈢抽象名词,如:

  7. Unity is strength.

  8. Knowledge is power.

  9. Samson is a man of bravery.

  ㈣有关餐食的名词,如:

  10. Dinner is ready.

  11. After lunch, you may take a nap.

  12. What do you eat for breakfast?

  ㈤有关四季的名词,如:

  13. I like autumn most.

  14. Do you have to teach in summer?

  15. Winter is over; will spring be far away?

  ㈥有关游戏和运动的名词,如:

  16. Fandi can play soccer very well.

  17. Do yo like to play chess?

  18. Is bridge a popular game here?

  ㈦有关疾病的名词,如:

  19. Old People tend to suffer from diabetes.

  20. Many women are inflicted with rheumatism.

  ㈧有关学科或带“-ism”后缀的名词,如:

  21. Mathematics and physics are difficult subjects.

  22. Which do you prefer, imperialism or communism?

  ㈨在“by + 交通工具”的片语里,如:

  23. Shall we walk or go by bus?

  24. The tourists came by plane.

  25. Do you like to travel by land or by sea?

  ㈩关于“人、节日、地理、建筑物、语言”等的专有名词,如:

  26. Tony wants to see Susan.

  27. Christmas is a widely celebrated festival.

  28. Europe is more advanced than Africa.

  29. Do you know where Buckingham Palace is?

  30. Is Japanese similiar to Chinese?

  上述是无须冠词的例句,但当专有名词之前有修饰语时,可以用定冠词(例(31)-(32));当抽象名词被形容词、短语或分句修饰时,也可以有适当的冠词(例(33)-(36)):

  31. Caesar was an ancient hero. Do you admire the great Caesar and his deeds?

  32. We enjoy reading the great works written by the immortal Shakespeare.

  33. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

  34. The wisdom of Solomon was recorded in history.

  35. Tom showed a courage worthy of special mention.

  36. I find it hard to forget the generosity with which David treated me.

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-21 18:24 | 只看该作者

【16】举足轻重冠词

 前几期谈过了英语冠词的用法以及一些应注意的事项。虽然如此,一般人的英语句子中,漏用或错用冠词的情况,还是很普遍。主要的原因是不重视冠词所扮演的角色,以为有无冠词或更换冠词,都无足轻重。当然,冠词只是个虚词,与其他词类比较,有点儿相形见绌。然而,在某些场合中,一个冠词的选择或取舍,即使不会使句子出错,也会直接影响句子的意思。

  现在请看看这个句子:

  “We've sold few units of HDB flats in this area.”

  房地产经理到底是要用“few”还是“a few”呢?在这里,你看得出有无冠词怎样影响句子的意思了吧!如果还是不能,就请比较下面两个句子:

  ? We can give you few books.

  ? We can give you a few books.

  两者都表示“少”,但“few”是几乎没有,“a few”是“有一些”。

  现在进一步比较有无冠词时语义上有什么差别。

  ① a.Have you seen the children playing in front of the school bus?

   b.Have you seen the children playing in the front of the school bus?

  (a)指“在校车前面,但人不在车内”;(b)指“在校车车厢前部分,人在车内”。

  ② a.She insisted onkeeping house for him.

   b.She insisted on keeping the house for him.

  (a)的意思是“替他管理家务”;(b)是“为他保留房子”。

  ③ a. In case of a traffic accident, send for the police.

   b. In the case of a traffic accident, recklessness is usually the main cause.

  (a)是“如果”;(b)是“就……来说”。

  ④ a. Out of question, Jason is the most prolific writer.

   b. Going to the meeting in pants? Out of the question!

  (a)的意思是“毫无疑问地”;(b)是“不可能的”。

  ⑤ a. Mike goes to school at 7.30 am.

   b. Her father went to the school yesterday.

  (a)指“上学”,表示一种活动,含义笼统;(b)指“到学校里”,表示一个确定的地方。

  ⑥ a. Judy speaks Mandarin after a fashion.

   b. Tom is a man who runs after the fashion.

  (a)指“一点儿,不很好”;(b)指“追求时髦”。

  ⑦ a. She looks crazy in a way.

   b. The chair is in the way.

  (a)指“有一点”;(b)指“挡着去路”。

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-28 19:39 | 只看该作者

【17】读上看下,猜猜词义

 一个句子中难免出现一两个生字。在这种情况下,不必马上查字典,只要根据上下文的关系,就可能猜测生字的意思了。

  下面这些例子,值得大家参考:

  ⒈利用括号内的解释,如:

  ① The power of the tribune (one million people read it every day) is enormous.

  什么东西能吸引 100 万人来阅读呢?既然这东西吸引了 100 万人,它必定神通广大。这么一来,“enormous”的意思,也不问而知了。

  ② To write, you need a sharp tool and a quick mind (the first of which can be easily obtained from a book store).

  这里的“sharp tool”是“利器”吗?不是,括号内注明这利器可以在书店买到;显然,这就是“笔”了。

  ⒉利用名词同位语,如:

  ③ The epidermis, the outer layer of skin, protects us from germs.

  这里的“the outer layer of skin”是名词“epidermis”的同位语。既然如此,“epidermis”指的当然是“皮肤的外层”了。

  ⒊利用句中的代替词,如:

  ④ What can the government do in order to alleviate or lessen the problem of inflation?

  这里的“lessen”和“alleviate”同义。“Lessen”的意思是 “减少”:“alleviate”的意思不是很明显了吗?

  ⒋利用字的构造,如:

  ⑤ Jason is a language specialist.

  “Special”是“unusual”(不寻常的)之意;后缀“-ist”指人。“Specialist”就是“不寻常的人”;也就是“专家”之意。

  ⒌利用比较词语中的含义,如:

  ⑥ The army, numerous as the sand in the sea, marched forward fearlessly.

  “军队”的人数有如海中的沙石:“numerous”的意思不就是“ 很多”吗?

  ⒍利用逻辑性的推理,如:

  ⑦ With such a meagre vocabulary, you should work hard to learn more new words.

  既然必须用功增加词汇,就是词汇不足。“Meagre”的意思应该是“不足”或“贫乏”了。

  ⒎利用字的定义,如:

  ⑧ By an array of dots, I mean an orderly arrangement of dots in columns and rows.

  从句中的定义看来,“array”的意思不就是“有秩序的排列” 吗?

  ⒏利用句中的例子,如:

  ⑨ Apply an antiseptic, such as alcohol, on the skin.

  “酒精”(alcohol)可以防毒:“antiseptic”准是“消毒药”了。

  ⒐利用句子中的“重点词”,如:

  ⑩ The children sat under the shady old elm, while the birds were singing overhead on its branches.

  从重点词“shady”(遮阳)和“branches”(树枝),不难猜到孩子们所处的环境,“elm”肯定是一种树,不可能是洋房或凉亭。

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-28 19:40 | 只看该作者

【18】特殊句子的被动语态

前两三期谈过了被动语态的变法及在什么情况下要用被动语态。

  这里要谈的是:如何处理某些句子的被动语态。

  先看看双宾语句子如何变成被动语态。

  大家知道,英语有些句子含有两个宾语:直接宾语和间接宾语。例如:

  “The crowd gave the guest a warm welcome ”里,就有双宾语。一个是直接宾语“a warm welcome” ;另一个是间接宾语“the guest”。

  在变成被动语态时,其中一个宾语要成为主语。在一般情况下,我们多以间接宾语为主语,直接宾语留在原位,如:

  “The guest was given a warm welome by the crowd ”。

  但是,如果重点在直接宾语,直接宾语便要变成被动语态的主语,如:

  “We will offer any capable applicant a competitive salary.”要变成:

  “A competitive salary will be offered to any capable applicant.”

  接着,让我们看看名词分句如何变成被动语态,例如:

  “People generally feel that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.”这句子可以“it ”作为主语,然后,把名词分句移到句子后头去:

  “It is generally felt that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.”

  另外一种变法是把名词分句的主语转为被动句的主语,接着把名词分句的动词变成不定式动词:

  “Social workers are generally felt to be offering valuable services for the public.”

  最后,谈谈怎样把不带“to”的不定式动词变成被动语态。例如:

  “We saw them go out”和“He made her work”这两句话里, “go out”和“work” 不带“to ”,但是当它们变成被动句时,“ to ”出现了:

  “They were seen to go out.”和“She was made to work.”

  在结束本文之前,顺便指出中英文句子结构的一个差异,就是中文含有被动意义的句子,不一定要用“被”字,但在译成英文时,却要变成被动语态。例如:

  ①灯关掉了:The light was turned off (不是:The light turned off)

  ②会议延期举行:The meeting will be put off. (不是:The meeting will put off)

  ③这件事必须保密:This matter should be kept secret.(不是:This matter should be secret)

  ④发展计划提早完成:The development project was completed before schedule.

  ⑤我们学校去年建造了一个新的电脑室: Last year, a new computer room was built in our school.

  ⑥在旧社会,妇女是受轻视的:In the old society,women were looked down upon.

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-28 19:41 | 只看该作者

【19】容易混淆的常用词

 两个学生的作业里有这两句话:

  ①“Singapore is a small and young country. It's achievements have been significant.”

  ②“Beside attacking student mobs, the author also criticized the goverment's indulgent attitude.”

  两句中各有一个错误,即:“It's”和“Beside”;应该是“ Its”和“Besides”才对。“It's”是“it is”的缩写,“Its”才是所有代名词“它的”。“Beside”是“在旁边”,而“Besides” 才是“除此之外”。

  像这样“形似义异”的字,在英语里相当多,稍微粗心,便会混淆不清。

  下面是些类似的混淆词,请大家注意:

  ⒈altogether(完全地):all together(全部)
  (a) Dr Zhang was not altogether pleased with his salary.
  (b) Please go all together.

  ⒉complement(辅助):compliment(恭维)
  (a) Different transport means complement one another very well.
  (b) Sam complimented Helen on her assistance.

  ⒊uninterested(不感兴趣的): disinterested(大公无私的)
  (a) All were uninterested in the project.
  (b) A good judge should be disinterested.

  ⒋formally(正式地):formerly(以前)
  (a) The guest was formally introduced to the host.
  (b) Tom was formerly our class monitor.

  ⒌healthful(有利健康的):healthy(身体健康)
  (a) Villagers enjoy the healthful mountain air.
  (b) Healthy people live happily.

  ⒍impractical(不切实际的):impracticable(不易实行的)
  (a) Such a plan is idealistic; it is impractical.
  (b) No one will support an idea if it is impracticable.

  ⒎tasty(好吃的):tasteful(有鉴赏力的)
  (a) Many westerners like tasty Chinese Food.
  (b) Helen made a tasteful arrangement of the furniture in the lobby.

  ⒏statue(雕像):stature(身高):statute(法令)
  (a) There is a gigantic statue of Raffles in the park.
  (b)Most basketball players are men of tall stature.
  (c) It is necessary to remove an outdated statute or replace it with an up-to-date one.

  ⒐appreciable(明显的;可感觉到的):appreciative(欣赏的;感激的)
  (a) There has been an appreciable increase in food prices./ There is an appreciable difference in the attitude of two new clerks.
  (b) David was very appreciative of his colleagues' cooperation in the project.

  ⒑burned:burnt(焚烧)
  (a) The love of freedom burned in our hearts./ The candles have burned brightly since last night.(不及物动词)
  (b) The boy burnt his thumb./ Betty has burnt all the letters from her former boy friend.(及物动词)

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-28 19:41 | 只看该作者

【20】“义同形异”的常用词

上一期谈过了“形式义异”的混淆词,这期要谈“义同形异”的常用词。

  1.Over / above

  "Over"和"above"这两个介词的意思是在…….上面。“我们可以说(1)The sky is above our heads,也可以说(2)The sky is over our heads.我们也可以说(3)He Spread his handkerchief over his face.但不能说*(4)He spread his handkerchief above his face. 同样的,可以说(5)John has travelled all over the world以及 (6)The King reigns over a great empire,但是(5)和(6)里的 "over"却不可以"above"取代。

  2.bring / take

  "Bring"和"take"的意思相同,但用法并不一样。

  "Bring"指东西向说话的人的方向去,如:

  (7) Bring me the book, please.

  "Take"指东西向说话的人离去,如:

  (8)Take the dictionary away from me .

  由此可见,"bring"和"take"都表示东西要移动,只是方向不同:"bring"向说话者而来;"take"向说话者而去。

  3.Certain / sure

  "Certain"和"sure"都含“确定”之意,只是在句中的用法有些不同。下列第九到十一的句子都对,但第十二的句子就不行了:

  (9) We are certain to come to the party. / Tom is sure to come today.

  (10) I am not certain whether I will be able to do it. / Are you sure that you will do it?

  (11) It is certain that Jason will leave me.

  *(12) It is sure that Jason will leave me.

  4. rob / Steal

  虽然这两个字都是及物动词,但用法不同,不可互相取代。

  "Steal"的宾语通常是被偷的东西,如“钱,手表”之类。"Rob" 的宾语必须是“人”或“地方”。如:

  (13) A thief entered her house and stole her valuables.

  (14) A stranger robbed a passer-by.

  (15) Who robbed the bank last night?

  5.chase / follow

  这两个动词,一个是“追逐”,另一个是“跟随”,都是人家在前,他在后,但用起来不一样;"chase"不但是动词,也是名词,如:

  (16)The cat chased the mouse and caught it soon after.

  (17)The puplis followed the teacher to the classroom.

  (18)There was a thrilling car chase in the film.

  (19) Social unrest follows widespread unemployment.

  (20) I could not follow what he was saying.
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