求翻译。器官移植……

cqtwk · 发表于 2011-4-15 20:36

Transplantation
The earliest attempts at organ transplantation in humans were made during the first decade of the 20th century. Since animal donors were used for these grafts, they functioned either briefly or not at all. However, the therapeutic promise of allografts became apparent from animal experiments also performed during the same decade by Alexis Carrel, who successfully transplanted kidneys and other organs into animals, utilizing this model to develop the technique of modern blood vessel surgery. This brilliant work resulted in a Nobel Prize in 1912 but was so far ahead of its time that it was not followed by further clinical trials for another 40 years. Not until the early 1950s did Medawar’s detailed description of rejection, and his discovery with Billingham and Brent that it could be prevented in mice by tolerance, stimulate surgeons to resume attempts at human renal transplantation. Medawar’s work was rewarded with a Nobel Prize in 1960. Some of the clinical trials that followed it were technically successful, but because immunosuppressive drugs were yet to be discovered the transplanted kidney allografts were all destroyed by rejection. However, transplants from identical twins begun in 1954 by Murray in Boston were successful. In the late 1950s, rejection was first circumvented in several patients by Murray, in Boston, and Hamburger, in Paris, by the use of whole-body irradiation. Murray was later (1990) awarded the Nobel Prize for his role in these pioneering studies. When immunosuppressive drugs became available in the early 1960s, prolonged allograft survival became more common, although not yet consistent. Progress in histocompatibility typing, immunosuppressive therapy, organ preservation, and the accumulation of clinical experience gradually resulted in improved results of transplantation, which now frequently allows successful replacement not only of failing kidneys but of the other vital organs as well.